Literature Review Summary - 19571 Words

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH The essence of the dissertation principally to carry out relationship that exist between the impact of customer satisfaction and business performance from its antecedents of customer loyalty and retention, customer relationship management, based on performance of attribute in retail industry. A case study of ASDA is presented as concept proof. A detailed background of satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention towards product or service performance represents the continuous challenges in the corporate financial gain and loss. Organisations usually consider enhanced customer relationship management (CRM) as a reputable asset to the core function of their organisation. A†¦show more content†¦It proves link between qualities of service attributes and satisfaction of customer is basically asymmetric. Above all, this research shows link between satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention. Such approach of such of customer behaviour helps provide service and generates profit in a meaningful way. 1.4 AIMS AND OBEJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 1.5 AIMS The Research aim is to create a framework of impact of customer satisfaction on large supermarket business performance 1.6 OBJECTIVES The following objectives are carried out so as to meet research aim. 1. To understand the satisfaction of customer as an antecedent to customer loyalty. 2. To know the imperative of customer relationship management (CRM) and loyalty of customer. 3. To understand customer loyalty concept. 4. To recommend on how to build customer satisfaction with regards to customer loyalty and managing customer relationship. 1.7 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH Essence of the dissertation understands customer’s satisfaction impact on business performance through some of its antecedents among who are attributes of service quality, retention of customer and loyalty, and management of customer relationship at a highly dynamic and competitive United Kingdom retail industry. The thesis takes the philosophy of realism as a stance which means observation can only be regarded as credible if it is made from different perspectives and creates greater efficiency and effectiveShow MoreRelatedSummary of Literature Review on Dividends2145 Words   |  9 Pagestopic or field of the literature review article The article is called Dividend policy: A review of Theories and Empirical Evidence. In this article, the main theories on dividend policy are described and their credibility is evaluated. Connection between the reviewed paper and my research proposal According to my research proposal, the master thesis topic will be â€Å"Comparative analysis of companies’ dividend policy: international perspective†. Therefore, the literature review on dividend policyRead MoreLiterature Review Summary on Total Quality Management562 Words   |  2 PagesLiterature Review Summary Quality assurance is the act of analyzing processes and monitoring operations to ensure that high quality standards are being met at all times. There are many models that can be used to meet these objectives and also many matrices that can be formed to monitor quality. Furthermore, several tools can be consistently engaged to monitor the quality assurance measures and serve as the basis in which the management can try to minimize the chances of such problems occurringRead MoreNarrative Literature Reviews1589 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative literature reviews Introduction n A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of the work that has been published on a particular topic n A literature review should convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on a topic and their strengths and limitations Why undertake a literature review? n To provide a review of the current knowledge in a particular field n Provide a description of research studies n Identify gaps in current knowledge n Identify emergingRead MoreThe Effects Of Venous Thromboembolism In Hospitalized Adult Patients1490 Words   |  6 PagesTHROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS IN THE HOSPITALIZED ADULT PATIENT INTEGRATE REVIEW OF LITERATURE A CLINICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Presented to: The Faculty of the Graduate School Southern University AM College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Nursing Sondra Cummings THROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS IN HOSPITALIZED ADULT PATIENTS Topic An Integrated Literature Review on the effects of thromboembolism prophylaxis in reducing the incidenceRead MoreNursing Interventions For The Management Of Patient Fatigue1004 Words   |  5 PagesSidani, S. (2013). Nonpharmacological nursing interventions for the management of patient fatigue: a literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 2668–2678. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12211 2. Is the review thorough—does it include all of the major studies on the topic? Does it include recent research? Are studies from other related disciplines included, if appropriate? (25 points) In my opinion the review was fair, but the research study is weak due to several limitations. The reviewers clearly identifiedRead MoreHow to prepare a good research proposal1552 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermine whether your topic fits with the granting organization s mission and to mimic their title/proposal structure Abstract/summary statement of the research project: This one page summary focuses on the research topic, its new, current and relevant aspects. Strive for clarity; your greatest challenge might be narrowing the topic Review of research literature A short and precise overview about the current state of research that is immediately connected with your research project. ReferenceRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You will research and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review? â€Å"A literature review discusses published informationRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Article Summary Worksheet Individual Work1357 Words   |  6 PagesNRSADVN 4780—Evidence-based Practice Article Summary Worksheet—individual work Instructions: Complete the following article summary using the articles you’ve chosen. You will complete one summary for each article. Not every article will have all of the sections mentioned below. If your article doesn’t have a particular section, indicate so in the appropriate area and move on to the next section. Submit either this completed worksheet or a word document where you’ve answered eachRead MoreThe Effect Of Pay Level On Job Performance Of Call Center Employees Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesCourse Project 7 This article presents the outline of the research project, including the different sections and summary descriptions of the information contained in each section. Overall, the research comprises six different sections. These include the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusion. It is important that these sections are well knit to ensure a logical flow of ideas and clarity in the presentation of the research report. The following section

Netherlands Example

Essays on Netherlands PowerPoint Presentation Speech Netherlands geography, population and religion Netherlands that is double the size of New Jersey lies along the coast of the North Sea. Much of the European Netherlands lies below the sea level. This land that is surrounded by dikes is reclaimed from the sea. On the basis of its level, Netherlands can be divided into two areas. The higher part has hills both on its south and the east. Most of the higher Netherlands is flat except for the southern extreme that is significantly higher than the rest. The maximum point till which the land rises is the place where Vaalserberg is located. This is at 322.7 m above sea level. It is in the foot of the Ardennes Mountains and happens to be the apogee of the European Netherlands. The west and north of Netherlands is lower and is a flat area. These lands lie at less than 1 m above the sea level. Netherlands’s population has steadily increased since 1960. In 1960, the population of Netherlands was about 12 million. Today, Netherlands’s population is above 17 million (World Bank, 2011). Netherlands, today, is the 15th most densely populated country of the world. For much of her history, Netherlands has been a Christian country. Today, Netherlands is characterized by religious diversity. Only 39 per cent of the people of Netherlands have a religion and the percentage of regular church visitors is less than 20 (Becker and Hart, 2006). Netherlands business ethics and dress code Some of the most fundamental principles of the business in Netherlands are cooperation, tolerance and neutrality. While doing business in Netherlands, it is advisable to take care of certain rules that are as follows: You should not be late. In case you cannot manage to be in time, make sure you inform the authorities well in time. You should pay attention towards the long-term perspective. You should not make the employees work beyond the regular duty hours or on weekends. Dutch people maintain conservatism in dress. Their dress is the similar to that of the Europeans. Traditional costumes are rare to be worn. Different areas of Netherlands have different traditional dresses. Men wear wooden shoes and clogs. Women wear bonnets made of lace with a Dutch cap. References: Becker, J, and Hart, J de 2006, Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland, Centraal Boekhuis. World Bank 2011, Visualization, viewed, 22 Oct. 2011, .

Notions of class, status and caste and significant throughout Asia Free Essays

Asia is synonymous to one word: exotic. With its temperate climate, architectural wonders, tropical greenery, thriving urban communities, rich history, and a melting pot of ethnic groups, it truly is a gem. There is also one thing that makes Asia stand out- its culture and tradition. We will write a custom essay sample on Notions of class, status and caste and significant throughout Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Far East, as Asia is sometimes called, had been colonized by Western powers, such as Americans, Portuguese, British, Spanish, Dutch, and French.   This gave rise to a diverse array of cultures, with influences brought by the outsiders interspersing with those of its local inhabitants. One interesting aspect of Asian culture is the caste system/society or social stratification. Caste is a social classification system bestowed hereditarily (Bogard, et al, 1997). The word traces its roots from the Portuguese word casta, a feminine form of casto, derived from the Latin castus, which means pure (The American Heritage, 2000). India, for instance, is known for its caste society (McNeill, 1990). Dowling (2005) noted that the Aryans, warriors from Central Asia, were responsible for bringing caste system into India. After defeating the Dravidians of Central India in 15000 BC, the Aryans created some from of social structure (2005). However, McNeill (1990) argued that caste system started â€Å"long ago† (p.126). He stated, â€Å"About 300 BC, a Greek ambassador to the court of Magadha, named Megasthenes, wrote a book about India in which he described seven hereditary classes into which, he said, Indian society was divided† (p. 126).   The caste system, he remarked, was probably created for members of any group to do things without any hindrance coming from other groups. Caste system allowed group members to â€Å"keep most off their own ways and inner values, and preserve private family customs, while still spending their lives in close daily contact with all sorts of people† (1990). Aryans divided the caste system into four- Brahmin, composed of priests, teachers and judges, Kshatriya or the warriors, Vaisya, consisted of merchants and farmers, and Sudras, or laborers (Dowling, 2005).   Below the Sudras were the untouchables or outcastes (2005).The untouchables had the lowest position in the caste system. They were not allowed to enter temples and schools. They were even not allowed to get water from wells were higher castes obtained theirs (2005).   Some untouchables converted to other religious denomination such as Islam and Christianity to avoid the plague of being outcastes (2005). The foundation of the caste system was based on two things- samsara or reincarnation and karma or quality of action (Bogard, et al., 1997). The Brahmins believed that an infant inhabits the soul of another human being or an animal (McNeill, 1990). He explained: Souls that in former lives had gathered a heavy load of karma, then were born into babies of the lowest castes. Those who in former lives had accumulated only a little karma earned the right to be born as Brahmans; and those in between caste status. Persons who lived well in whatever caste they had been born to could hope for rebirth higher on the scale. ( p.126) Compliance with the rules may result to reincarnation into higher caste (Bogard, et al., 1997). Women, however, may â€Å"have the privilege of coming back as an animal if they are good enough† (1997). Other details on the creation of the Indian caste system, however, were not clear. McNeill (1990) noted that the Indian caste system was not just made up of four classes. The Brahmanas did not provide details of establishment of the caste system. As McNeill noticed, â€Å"In other words, we have here a theory rather than a description of what really existed† (p. 126). However the case may be, India’s caste system has been deemed â€Å"illegal† (Dowling, 2005, para.5). It was officially abolished in 1947 (McNeill, 1990). But it is integral to Indian society and has molded India into what it is now (1990). McNeill added that the caste system â€Å"allowed very primitive ideas and magical practices to survive indefinitely† (p.128). But even with its abolition, caste system still exists in some Indian communities, especially in rural ones (1990). Several measures have been taken up to reduce its effect on people and communities. The Indian government has introduced government privileges to the untouchables, now known as Harijan (2005). However, the Harijan still receive less opportunities, educational and employment-wise. Another Asian country that has stratified society is Indonesia, specifically the Balinese (Frederick and Worden, 1993). The Balinese reside in the islands of Bali and Lombok and some parts of Sumbawa (1993). The caste system dates back to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the time when Javanese princes flew to Bali to avoid the â€Å"advances of Islam† (1993).   The Balinese has had, since then, mingled with the locals and asserted an anti-Islamic political perspective (1993). The Balinese caste system was based on the Indian caste system (â€Å"Social System,†1998). The three classes were the Brahman, Ksatriya, and Wesya. The three made up the Triwangsa, which means â€Å"three peoples† (1998, para.9). The Triwangsa was the â€Å"highest three societal stratification† (1998, para.9). The classes comprised 10 % of the populace and lived in puri (1998, para.9) According to a Hindu myth (â€Å"Social System,† 1998), Brahman or god, was separated. His mouth developed into the Brahman, his arms became the Ksatriya, his thighs were the Wesya class, and out of his feet borne the Sudra class. The classes are akin to the human being, different parts have different purposes but all need to work together to survive. Brahman comprised priests, scholars and teachers (â€Å"Social System,†1998). They also had special privileges in burial rights and were entitled to a â€Å"high level of ritual communication† (1998, para.12). The Ksatriya was represented by warriors, rajas or princes whereas merchants fell into the Wesya caste (1998). The majority of Balinese, however, belonged to the Shudra class (Frederick and Worden, 1993). The Shudra or Sudra class consisted of the commoners (â€Å"Social System,†1998). Unlike their Indian counterpart, the Sudra caste was not considered untouchables (1998). The Sudra served as laborers for the three classes (1998).   Since they did not know how to read or write, they depended on the upper classes to â€Å"interpret religious texts and prayers† (1998, para.16). Caste was based on birth (â€Å"Social System,† 1998). Each caste followed certain rules. Caste rules were strictly observed. One rule involved addressing Triwangsa caste properly (1998). Another one was the responsibility of each caste member to offer assistance to other castes when needed (1998).Compared to the Indian caste system, the Balinese caste was not that rigid. Frederick and Worden (1993) pointed out that the Balinese caste system â€Å"involves no occupational specializations or ideas about ritual contaminations between ranks† (1993). Marriage between ranks was not forbidden. Today, the Balinese are caught between adhering to tradition and adapting to change (Frederick and Worden, 1993).They are starting to question the traditions and are caught in the middle of obeying years-old rules or completely junking them in favor of modernization. If the Balinese are torn between tradition and urbanization, the Philippines have managed to phase out its own version of caste system. The Spaniards’ colonization of the Philippines gave birth to the concept of barangay (Cunanan, 1986).   The barangay was considered the â€Å"basic political unit† (1986). It consisted of thirty to fifty families. A chief datu, who came from the aristocrat clan called maharlika, led a barangay (1986). The maharlika had servants called â€Å"aliping namamahay or aliping sagigilid† (1986). The aliping namamahay were responsible for building houses, tending the farms of the datus, among other things. On the other hand, the aliping sagigilid were house-bound (1986).   They were either taken into forced custody or served as payments for debts (1986). The barangays were soon integrated into a bigger unit called encomiendas (Cunanan, 1986). An encomienda was â€Å"awarded to the conguistadores and religious orders for their meritorious services in the conquest of the native people† (1986). By 17th century, the encomiendas were completely wiped out in favor of creating provinces (1986). At present, the Philippines have a modern version of the caste system: the superior-servant or household help type. In Western countries, it is interesting to note that only the rich and privileged have acquired household help. In the Philippines, household help is common, especially in urban communities. These people are employed in houses to fend for the inhabitants’ need such as cooking their meals, doing laundry and cleaning the house. Household help are usually those that did not finish school or came from poor families. Majority of them live with the families they tend to, with some slowly being recognized as family members. For a country known for its homogeneity, Japan, surprisingly, had a caste system (Reischauer, 1988). The outcast group was called burakumin or hamlet people (1988). The burakumin roots backs to the feudal era. They were known by different names but were popularly known as burakumin, an abbreviation from a form which means â€Å"people of special hamlets† (1988). They were no different from other Japanese but what set them apart was their occupation. Reischauer (1988) described them: This group, which accounts for less than 2 percent of the population, probably originated from various sources, such as the vanquished in wars or those whose work was considered particularly demeaning. Clearly they included people engaged in leather work or butchery, since the Buddhist prejudice against the taking of all animal life made others look down of such persons, thought, it should be noted, not on the butchers of human life in the feudal society dominated by a military elite. (p. 35). Since 1871, the burakumin received legal equality but prejudice is still felt. Some Japanese are said to be â€Å"reluctant to have contact with them and are careful to check family records to ensure that they avoid intermarriage† (p. 35).   Nowadays, the burakumin are becoming â€Å"less recognizable† (p. 35.) Asia is truly a mix of both worlds. The importance given to class, status or society stratification is a direct reflection of its history and people. While some may say that social classes cause inequality in society, it has defined rules on how a society or system would work. Bringing discipline and order into a society was important in a caste system. It has also fostered unity among class members. Positive and negative effects are embedded into any social stratification system. But the very same diverse ideas and counterculture are the ones that helped shape Asia into what it is now- a wonderful hodgepodge that is deeply textured. References Bogard, M., Gilbert, L., Jones, M., Nida, B., Swanson, A., Young, S. (1997). History of the caste system. Cunanan, J.P. (1986). Evolution of labour legislation in Asia. Hong Kong: DAGA CCA-URM. Dowling, M (2005). The caste system of ancient India at mrdowling.com. Retrieved 30 April 2007 from http://www.mrdowling.com/612-caste.html Frederick, W.H. Worden, R.L. (Eds.). (1993). Indonesia: a country study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. McNeill, W.H. (1990). A history of the human community (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Reischauer, E.O. (1988). The Japanese today. Massachusetts: Belnap Press of Harvard University Press. Social System. (1998). Retrieved 30 April 2007 from http://www.balivision.com/Article_Resources/SocialSystem.asp The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) (2000). USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.          How to cite Notions of class, status and caste and significant throughout Asia, Essay examples

Problems of Social Electronic Commerce-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities and Poblems of Social Electronic Commerce. Asnwer: Introduction The advance in social media application development caused the new paradigm of e-commerce represented in the social commerce. Social media applications facilitate on-line shopping activities of products and services. Business organizations have to develop their websites on social media, according to consumer preferences to facilitate their transaction in the social context. Social commerce brings e-commerce to the social media context and the social media at the same time could be transferred to the e-commerce website. Although social commerce mainly refers to practicing e-commerce activities within the social media context. Social commerce is mainly dedicated to the social activities as collaboration, information sharing and networking(Huang Benyoucef, 2015). The social interaction of users is due to the wide spread of the social networking sites. Consumers are free to join the social groups of their choice, communicate, share information, knowledge and practices with each other. This social interaction influences the buying behavior of users according to the perceived information from their friends. The social commerce empowered buyers over the sellers. The social support is likely to increase the social commerce activities and influence more buyers, as users make informed contributions among social groups. These interactions are analyzed by business organizations to know the buyers' attitudes and predict their future activities (Hajli Sims, 2015). This report mainly focuses on the opportunities and challenges of the social electronic commerce. It consists of three parts, the first part discusses the possible opportunities of social electronic commerce, the second part analyses the possible problems of social electronic commerce. The third part introduces strategies to reduce risks in social commerce. First: Opportunities of social electronic commerce The increasing number of social media applications created many opportunities for organizations to developed business models based on the concept of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Social commerce provides a marketplace for users to sell their products on line. Many companies use the social commerce as, Yahoo, eBay and Amazon, as they got the opportunity of user participation to create value from the social networks. The social commerce provides a user centered environment, which creates social interaction as it motivates the users to shop together, which create advantage to the seller represented in increased sales volume, higher level of user engagement and creates strong relations between the organization and the customer (Huang Benyoucef, 2015). Social commerce encourages organizations to provide high quality products, increase the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns and analyze users' preferences to predict the future trends of the market. The social media changed both of the consumer and the companies' roles as the electronic word of mouth marketing has developed. As the word of mouth marketing changed the way the consumers behave is also changed (Jim, et al., 2015). The key to successful social commerce is the social influence of the customers. As the social support from other encourages the user influence to the product. This influence is the driver of the customer decision of buying the product (Wanga Yu, 2017). As a social marketplace, social media encourage users to share information and experiences about shopping products which affects the decisions of their peers. Information sharing between consumers on social media takes place before and after shopping online. It can take the form of rating recommendation or review of the seller or the product. There are a variety of activities that could take place in the social media marketplace as pre-shopping activities, the decision making of shopping and evaluation after-shopping. Accordingly organizations can benefit from these activities in creating their business strategies to improve their performance (Lin, et al., 2017). Social aspect of online shopping Shopping by nature is considered a social activity. The social commerce provides escrow services and accepts guarantees transactions done with the credit card. Social media channel strengths the social nature of the shopping activities in the online shopping activity. It also allows the organizations to take the initiative of the social interaction and to manage the interaction with the customers. Social commerce focuses on the social activities as collaboration and information sharing, unlike the e-commerce, which mainly focuses on the shopping activities. When buyers access the products from social media applications, they can get the information they need from other shoppers' experiences and they gain more knowledge about the purpose of the purpose of their shopping and to make accurate purchasing decision (Lu, et al., 2016). Social resources as a predictor of consumer expertise The information resources available on the social media, when the consumer interacts with one of its applications he can get the information needed to make the buying decision. The type of information the consumers' access to gain knowledge enables the seller to differentiate between the beginner and the expert consumer. Analytics tools can provide the organizations with the type of consumers and their preferences (Barrutia, et al., 2016). Technological support to social commerce The on-line shopping through social media is different from the shopping experience in the offline context. The social commerce provides buyers with informational and emotional support. But in the online context, people do not have human interaction. The technology of social commerce is represented in applications and web 2.0 technologies which influence consumers to participate in blogs, communities and forums. The variety of technological platforms attract different styles of users, which creates an opportunity for business organizations to choose their target customers (Hajli, 2013). Factors that influence consumer intention in social commerce and creates opportunities for the business organization According to Akman Mishra (2017), the consumer driving factors towards social commerce are as follows: Using social commerce involves security aspects, as consumers need to feel that their transactions are secure. Securing the user access increases the opportunity for shopping and risk reduction. Quality also plays a vital role in making shopping decisions. Trust in the product quality creates reliability. It is important to provide an easy access and make the shopping process enjoying to the shoppers in order to attract them. The easiness and enjoyment assist in the user engagement in the technology mechanism. The social pressure affects the consumers in a positive way when they find support from trusted people within the social network and accordingly, the opportunity of their engagement increases. It is important to shoppers to be satisfied when using the information and communication technology. As social network is the platform where communication takes place between users and it should be developed on a regular basis to attract users. Also, users should be involved in the development process to ensure that the application satisfies their needs. Satisfaction involves easiness, usefulness, expectations and experiences. Small companies can make use of advanced technology in promoting their products to be able to compete globally and take the opportunity that the social commerce offer to them. They should adopt strategies to promote their brands through social networks. It is important for business organizations to be ethical in their presence on the social network as the perceived ethics affect the shoppers' response and enables better sharing of information among users. Second: Problems of social electronic commerce It is a challenging task for business organizations to make their social platform socially accepted. Organizations have to add features to fulfill the user needs. These features include the logo of the brand, recommended products, reviews and feedback, customized products and discounts. It is important for business organizations to understand the market needs and consumer expectations. The social commerce website of the seller should be evaluated according to users' perspectives of the required social features. The absence of this analysis will lead to the failure of the business strategy of social commerce as it should be based on actual, quality and timely information(Huang Benyoucef, 2015). Trust in social commerce: Almost all of the economic transactions are built on trust. The social commerce platform lacks the rules so users tend to trust the seller when taking the shopping decision. Trust is also the most important factor in e-commerce. The social context can be a source of providing trust or the opposite. In social commerce, trust in the seller is the major aspect then comes the trust in the marketplace. The buyer interaction through the website should create a trust, analysts describe this relationship as similar to the interpersonal interaction. Being able to view the previous purchase actions of buyers, directs the behavior of the buyers according to the perceived information (Lu, et al., 2016). It is important to reduce the perceived risk of the buyers through monitoring their purchasing performance indicators in different modes of transactions (Zheng, et al., 2015). Members intention in social commerce The shared intention among group members reflects the individual intention of the group members. It is considered a collective intention of the entire group. That is why it is considered a social value which influences the group members' behaviors. It is also considered informational value as interaction among group members includes information sharing, which impact their attitudes and buying behavior (Sun, et al., 2016). Risk of social commerce There are different types of risks that could take place in the social commerce, including, product, channel and social related risk. The product-related risk, concerns with whether the product specifications meet the consumer expectations or fail to do this. The channel-related risk concerns with the consumer's feeling towards the online buying process, which could be positive or negative. The social-related risk concerns with the buyer attitude with regard to the opinion of his family members or friends. Accordingly, new consumers or pad experienced consumers have high perceived risk towards the social commerce. On the opposite, when the consumer is loyal, his perceived risk is low and the switching cost will be positive (Yen, 2010). Security of social commerce The vendor behavior should be security related. Securing personal and financial information is a very important issue. Security actions include, privacy control, confidentiality control, authentication control and data integrity control. The user perceived security controls his buying behavior. If the users feel safe and their personal information is protected, then confident expectation will be gained. The perceived security is highly related to trust, as the received security increases the trust increases (Choi Nazareth, 2014). Electronic word of mouth The credibility of information is important to the electronic word of mouth in the online context. If the users trust the social commerce website, it is more likely for them to spread electronic word of mouth about the company activities. High level of interaction on the social website, creates an opportunity to the electronic word of mouth behavior to spread (Shi Chow, 2015). Culture in social commerce The social media marketplace makes it easy to define the various communities and cultures. It provides a challenge to the sellers to satisfy the individuals' needs according to their culture and privacy protection. Individuals' culture may be related to high perceived risk towards financial transaction security or personal information protection through the shopping transaction process. Also, it is important for sellers to differentiate between public and private users in the online context (Gajendra Wang, 2014). Social media and brand engagement Brand engagement in social commerce is considered an effective tool for business organizations to spread worldwide. The challenge exists in the fact that social media were created to people not to spread brands. Brands are mainly speeded by electronic word of mouth. The problem is the brand engagement has no measurement either inside the organization or in the social media platform. Accordingly, it is better to organizations try to understand how brand engagement happens and attract more users to the brand. Many forms of engagement do exist, as photo sharing, blogs, videos, chat rooms and forums (Schultz Peltier, 2013). Third: Strategies to reduce risks in social commerce Organizations should be aware that social commerce is challenging to them, as problems may occur and spread widely among users worldwide. There should be a strategy to deal with such cases of crisis to deal with them and reduces their impact. The problem may occur due to information insecurity, in this case, technical handling is necessary at the time of occurrence. It is also considered a responsibility of the consumer to protect his information in the online context, this could be done by using the latest security software and safe browsers while making online transactions (Vos, et al., 2014). The corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays a role in improving business organizations' social commitment, including, their presence in the inline context. CSR assists in keeping the ethical standards of the organizations (Farrokhnia Keith, 2013). Conclusion Social commerce provides a marketplace for users to sell their products on line. The social commerce provides a user centered environment, which creates social interaction as it motivates the users to shop together. It also, encourages organizations to provide high quality products and increase the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns. Social media encourage users to share information and experiences about shopping products which affects the decisions of their peers. Social media channel strengths the social nature of the shopping activities in the online shopping activity. Social commerce focuses on the social activities as collaboration and information sharing, unlike the e-commerce, which mainly focuses on the shopping activities. Trust in the seller is the major aspect in social commerce, then comes the trust in the marketplace. The buyer interaction through the website should create a trust. There are different types of risks that could take place in the social commerce, including, product, channel and social related risk. Securing personal and financial information is a very important issue. Security actions include, privacy control, confidentiality control, authentication control and data integrity control. Social commerce facilitates brand engagement, although, Brands are mainly speeded by electronic word of mouth and it has no measurement either inside the organization or in the social media platform. References Akman, I Mishra, A 2017, 'Factors influencing consumer intention in social commerce adoption', Information Technology People, 30(2), pp. 356-370. Barrutia, J, Paredes, M Echebarria, C 2016, 'Value co-creation in e-commerce contexts: does product type matter?', European Journal of Marketing, 50(3), pp. 442-463. Choi, J Nazareth, D 2014 'Repairing trust in an e-commerce and security context: an agentbased based modeling approach', Information Management Computer Security, 22(5), pp. 490-512. Farrokhnia, F Keith, C 2013, The accountability challenge to global e-commerce: The need to overcome the developed-developing country divide in WTO e-commerce policies. In: Principles and strategies to balance ethical, social and environmental concerns with corporate requirements. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 161-181. Gajendra, S Wang, L 2014, 'Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: an empirical investigation', Internet Research, 24(4), pp. 414-435. Hajli, M 2013, 'A research framework for social commerce adoption', Information Management Computer Security, 21(3), pp. 144-154. Hajli, N Sims, J 2015, Social commerce: The transfer of power from sellers to buyers', Technological Forecasting Social Change, Vol. 94, p. 350358. Huang, Z Benyoucef, M 2015, 'User preferences of social features on social commerce User preferences of social features on social commerce', Technological Forecasting Social Change, Vol. 95, p. 5772. 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